Abstract： Objective To develop simple theories and methods for health quality evaluation in moderately prosperous society, and to establish a health quality index (HQI) model to assess the improvement in health quality. Methods Four health quality - related indexes were selected following screening. HQI was then calculated. In 5 provinces, empirical analysis of HQI was conducted. Results In F test, there was significant difference in HQI between different regions of China in 2005. Conclusions The study provides a scientific, comprehensive, sensitive, and intuitive evaluation index, HQI, which may be helpful in assessing the health level.