Abstract： Objective To study the expression of membrane HLA-G ( mHLA-G) and the receptor immunoglobulin-like transcript 2 ( ILT2 ) on lymphocyte and find their association with rejection and cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) infection after renal transplantation .Methods A total of 88 cases of renal transplant recipients for the first time from February 2014 to February 2016 were studied in this work . Recipients can be divided into rejection group (n=12) and stable renal function group (n=41) according to whether rejection occurred .Recipients only infected CMV not developed rejection were included in the CMV positive group ( n =24 ) .CMV negative group ( n =11 ) including CMV negative recipients once infected CMV .The expression of mHLA-G and ILT2 on lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry , and the differences among different groups were analyzed .Results The data showed that after renal transplantation,T and B lymphocytes mHLA-G expression rate was the lowest in the rejection group (0.42%± 0.35%, 0.88%±0.47%), having significant difference with renal function stable group and CMV positive group (all P<0.01).In CMV positive group the expression of mHLA-G on T and B lymphocytes was the&nbsp;highest (1.31%±0.69%,2.01%±0.91%), having significant difference with rejection group ( P <0.001).The expression of mHLA-G on B cell was statistically significantly different between CMV positive group and CMV negative group (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in ILT2 expression on B cell among the four groups (P>0.05).The expression rate of ILT2 on T cells was higher in the CMV positive group (36.91% ±14.91%),having significant difference with the other three groups (P <0.01). Conclusions Low expression of mHLA-G on T and B lymphocytes may predict rejection after renal transplantation.High expression of mHLA-G and ILT2 on lymphocytes is prone to CMV infection after renal transplantation .