Abstract： Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia in a rural population of Henan Province,China.Methods A total of 20 194 participants aged ≥18 years were selected randomly by cluster sampling from two townships (towns) in Henan Province from July to August 2007 and July to August 2008.Investigations included questionnaires,anthropometric measurements,fasting plasma glucose,and lipid profile examination at baseline.A total of 16 155 participants were followed up from July to August 2013 and July to October 2014.Overall,13 869 participants were included in the study,after excluding 2 286 participants with incomplete dyslipidemia follow-up data.Distributions of the characteristics of dyslipidemia were determined,and prevalence was standardized by age according to data of the 2010 Sixth National Population Census.Risk factors for dyslipidemia were analyzed using a logistic regression model after adjusting for sex,age,education level,marital status,and income status.Results The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 53.72％ (7 450/13 869) for residents aged ≥22 years living in rural areas of Henan Province (59.32％ (3 069/5 174) for men and 50.39％ (4 381/8 695) for women).The adjusted prevalence of dyslipidemia was 50.50％ (59.27％ for men and 45.53％ for women).The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia,hypertriglyceridemia,low HDL-C,and high LDL-C was 4.34％ (602/13 868),20.42％ (2 826/13 837),42.75％ (5 927/13 865),and 3.14％ (420/13 375),respectively,and the adjusted prevalence was 2.44％,18.84％,41.42％,and 1.86％,respectively.Logistic regression analyses showed that alcohol consumption (OR=1.27,95％ CI:1.05-1.53),family history of hyperlipidemia (OR=1.29,95％ CI:1.17-1.43),overweight (OR=1.40,95 ％ CI:1.22-1.61),obesity (OR=1.65,95％ CI:1.39-1.96),abnormal waist circumference (OR=1.22,95％ CI:1.04-1.43),and abnormal waist-height ratio (OR=1.21,95％ CI:1.01-1.45) were significant independent risk factors,and high levels of physical activity (OR=0.85,95％ CI:0.77-0.95) and underweight (OR=0.52,95％ CI:0.36-0.75) were protective factors for dyslipidemia after adjusting for sex,age,education level,marital status,and income status.Conclusion The prevalence of dyslipidemia was very high for this rural population.Alcohol consumption,family history of hyperlipidemia,overweight,obesity,abnormal waist circumference,and abnormal waist-height ratio were significant independent risk factors for dyslipidemia.