Abstract： Objective The history of clinical application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been more than 30 years. But in China,there were only a few ECMO centers with limited successful cases reported by the end of twentieth century. The high morbidities and mortalities in current pediatric ECMO practice are noted in China. Therefore,it is necessary to review the experience on rescue use of ECMO in critically ill pediatric patients.Method A retrospective analysis was done for patients who had been receiving ECMO treatment to rescue refractory cardiorespiratory failure from different causes in a hospital between July 2007 and May 2011.Result A total of 12 patients were treated with ECMO; 7 of them were male and 5 female,they aged 6 days to 11 years,weighed 2.8-35 (17.21 ± 11.64) kg.The underlying causes of cardiorespiratory failure were as follows:two cases with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leading to respiratory failure,4 with failure of weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass,3 with fulminant myocarditis,1 with right ventricular cardiomyopathy leading to repeated cardiac arrest,1 with preoperative severe hypoxemia,and 1 with anaphylactic shock complicated with massive pulmonary hemorrhage and severe hypoxemia.Of the 12 cases,3 were established ECMO (E-CPR) while underwent chest compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).The mean ECMO support time was 151.75 (15 -572) h. Seven patients (58.33％) were weaned from ECMO,6 patients (50.00％) were successfully discharged. Six cases had bleeding from sutures,2 cases with severe bleeding underwent thoracotomy hemostasis,2 presented with acute renal failure.Infection was documented in 3 cases,hyperbilirubinemia in 2 cases,lower limb ischemia in 1 case,hyperglycemia in 3 cases,disseminated intravascular coagulation in 1 case,membrane lung leakage in 2 eases,systemic hemolysis in 3 cases,oxygenator failure in 2 cases and oxygenator thrombosis in one case. During the follow-up between 6 months and 4.5 years,5 patients survived with good quality of life,without any documented central nervous system disorders. One case survived with the right lower extremity disorder from ischemic damage.His motor function has been improved following orthopedic operation at one year after discharge. Conclusion ECMO is a justifiable alternative treatment for reversible severe cardiopulmonary failure in critically ill children.