Abstract: Pleural fibrosis is a common clinical pathological process.Pleural fibrosis is undesirable outcome in pleural infection,however,successful induction of pleural fibrosis iS the basis of therapeutic pleurodesis.Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of pleural fibrosis.Recent findings have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of both TGF-β and its inhibitors.This paper reviews the sources of TGF-β in the pleural cavity and the pathogenesis and treatment of pleural fibrosis.