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选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗痉挛型脑性瘫痪的研究现状

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Author:: No author available

Journal Title:: Chinese Journal of Neurosurgery

Issue:: 12

DOI:: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-2346.2018.12.023

Key Word:: No keyword available

Abstract：脑性瘫痪简称脑瘫,又称Little病,指发育期胎儿或出生后1个月内婴儿的大脑非进展性缺陷或损害导致的运动障碍及姿势异常的一组综合征,常伴有感觉、知觉、认知、交流、行为障碍及癫痫等[1].脑瘫按运动障碍类型及瘫痪部位可分为6种类型[2]:痉挛型四肢瘫、痉挛型双瘫、痉挛型偏瘫、不随意运动型、共济失调型及混合型.痉挛型脑瘫是最常见的亚型,约占所有病例的2/3左右.目前,痉挛型脑瘫的治疗需要多学科合作干预,主要包括康复训练、药物治疗及手术治疗[3].康复治疗主要包括作业疗法、物理疗法及语言训练,在脑瘫的治疗中占主要地位.药物干预的主要目的是减轻痉挛,包括口服药物(苯二氮(草)类药物、巴氯芬)、A型肉毒毒素注射(botulinum A toxin,BTX-A)及巴氯芬鞘内注射(intrathecal baelofen,ITB),适用于轻至中度痉挛.手术治疗方法包括腰骶段选择性脊神经后根部分切断术(selective posterior rhizotomy,SPR)、周围神经选择性部分切断术(selective peripheral neurotomy,SPN)、颈动脉鞘交感神经网剥脱术、骨与肌肉肌腱矫形术[4].SPR是目前公认的可以有效解除肢体痉挛状态的手术方式[4-5].痉挛型脑瘫患儿大脑半球的损伤导致下传脊髓中间神经的冲动减少,γ运动神经元活动增强,γ-环路通过正反馈机制引起α运动神经元兴奋性异常增高,从而导致肌肉痉挛.SPR正是通过降低α运动神经元兴奋性,打断牵张反射的正反馈,从而解除肢体痉挛[6].SPR因其有效性和安全性而得到较为广泛的应用,现对其近年的研究做一综述.

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