Paper - WANFANG MED ONLINE

You Position: Home > Paper

The sounds of small airways: emerging role in pathogenesis and clinical expression of asthma

( views:82, downloads:20 )

Author:: No author available

Journal Title:: Chinese Medical Journal

Issue:: 1

DOI:: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131735

Key Word:: asthma;asthma control;clinical manifestation;small airways

Abstract： Asthma is a heterogeneous disease that involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors,leading to chronic inflammation and airway remodeling.1,2 The major features that lead to clinical symptoms are infiltration of inflammatory cells,epithelial shedding,mucous gland hyperplasia,increased airway smooth muscle mass and contraction,and sub-epithelial fibrosis,which result in narrowing of the airways and obstruction.1-5 Over 100 years ago,studies used autopsy specimens to investigate the macroscopic morphological and histological changes and established the concept that inflammation was a major component of asthmatic pathology within the large airways.

Reference

[1]James L Puckett,Richard WE Taylor,Szu-Yun Leu,etc.Clinical patterns in asthma based on proximal and distal airway nitric oxide categories[J].2010,11(1).
[2]J C, Virchow.[Asthma--a small airway disease: concepts and evidence].[J].2009,63 Suppl 2.
[3]Johnson JR,Hamid Q.Appraising the small airways in asthma.[J].2012,18(1).
[4]P T, Macklem,J, Mead.Resistance of central and peripheral airways measured by a retrograde catheter.[J].1967,22.
[5]WENZEL SALLY E.,SZEFLER STANLEY J.,LEUNG DONALD Y. M.,etc.Bronchoscopic Evaluation of Severe Asthma[J].1997.
[6]Newell-JD Jr,Wenzel S,Keefe T,etc.A multivariate analysis of risk factors for the air-trapping asthmatic phenotype as measured by quantitative CT analysis.[J].2009,135(1).
[7]Holgate ST.Pathogenesis of asthma.[J].2008,38(6).
[8]Scichilone,N.,Contoli,M.,Paleari,D.,etc.Assessing and accessing the small airways; implications for asthma management[J].2013,26(2).
[9]Hamid,Q..Pathogenesis of small airways in Asthma[J].2012,84(1).
[10]Battaglia S,Vignola AM,Bellia V,etc.Small airways function and molecular markers in exhaled air in mild asthma.[J].2005,60(8).
[11]HUBER HARRY L..The Pathology of Bronchial Asthma[J].1922.
[12]Mead Jere.The Lung's Quiet Zone[J].1970.
[13]Beydon N,Bokov P,Mahut B,etc.Gas trapping is associated with severe exacerbation in asthmatic children.[J].2010,104(8).
[14]M, Yanai,K, Sekizawa,T, Ohrui,etc.Site of airway obstruction in pulmonary disease: direct measurement of intrabronchial pressure.[J].1992,72.
[15]Aledia,A.S.,Tatavoosian,A.V.,Galant,S.P.,etc.Relating small airways to asthma control by using impulse oscillometry in children[J].2012,129(3).
[16]Hoshino,M..Comparison of effectiveness in ciclesonide and fluticasone propionate on small airway function in mild asthma[J].2010,59(1).
[17]Strand M,Chu HW,Wenzel S,etc.Relationship of small airway chymase-positive mast cells and lung function in severe asthma.[J].2005,171(5).
[18]M K, Tulic,P, Christodoulopoulos,Q, Hamid.Small airway inflammation in asthma.[J].2001,2(6).
[19]Postma DS,Willems TP,Kuhnigk JM,etc.Localization and quantification of regional and segmental air trapping in asthma.[J].2008,32(4).
[20]N, Carroll,C, Cooke,A, James.The distribution of eosinophils and lymphocytes in the large and small airways of asthmatics.[J].1997,10(2).
[21]Hyde DM,Hamid Q,Irvin CG.Anatomy, pathology, and physiology of the tracheobronchial tree: emphasis on the distal airways.[J].2009,124(6 Suppl.).
[22]Kaminsky D A,Irvin C G,Gurka D A,etc.Peripheral airways responsiveness to cool, dry air in normal and asthmatic individuals.[J].1995.
[23]King,G.G.,Brown,N.J.,Peters,M.J.,etc.The role of the small airways in the clinical expression of asthma in adults[J].2012,129(2).
[24]WAGNER ELIZABETH M.,BLEECKER EUGENE R.,PERMUTT SOLBERT,etc.Direct Assessment of Small Airways Reactivity in Human Subjects[J].1998.
[25]Andersson CK,Bergqvist A,Mori M,etc.Mast cell-associated alveolar inflammation in patients with atopic uncontrolled asthma.[J].2011,127(4).
[26]Martin Richard J.,Cicutto Lisa C.,Smith Hunter R.,etc.Airways Inflammation in Nocturnal Asthma[J].1991.
[27]Wagner Elizabeth M.,Liu Mark C.,Weinmann Gail G.,etc.Peripheral Lung Resistance in Normal and Asthmatic Subjects[J].1990.
[28]Stanclik S,Garber E,Drewek R.The FEF25-75 and its decline as a predictor of methacholine responsiveness in children.[J].2009,46(4).
[29]KRAFT MONICA,MARTIN RICHARD J.,WILSON SUSAN,etc.Lymphocyte and Eosinophil Influx into Alveolar Tissue in Nocturnal Asthma[J].1999.
[30]Ruppel,G.L.,Enright,P.L..Pulmonary function testing[J].2012,57(1).
[31]P-R, Burgel.The role of small airways in obstructive airway diseases.[J].2011,20.
[32]Saldiva PH,Santos MA,Grinberg L,etc.Abnormal alveolar attachments with decreased elastic fiber content in distal lung in fatal asthma.[J].2004,170(8).
[33]Dan Stănescu.Small Airways Obstruction Syndrome[J].1999,116(1).
[34]Martin RJ.Therapeutic significance of distal airway inflammation in asthma.[J].2002,109(2 Suppl.).
[35]Hamid,Q.,Contoli,M.,Bousquet,J.,etc.Do small airway abnormalities characterize asthma phenotypes? In search of proof[J].2012,42(8).
[36]Ishmael FT.The inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of asthma.[J].2011,111(11 Suppl.7).
[37]Denjean A,Becquemin MH,Le Bourgeois M,etc.Multicentre trial evaluating alveolar NO fraction as a marker of asthma control and severity.[J].2010,65(5).
[38]Fabbri L,Bousquet J,Contoli M.The small airways and distal lung compartment in asthma and COPD: a time for reappraisal.[J].2010,65(2).
[39]Tomoyuki Fujisawa,Hideki Yasui,Taisuke Akamatsu,etc.Alveolar nitric oxide concentration reflects peripheral airway obstruction in stable asthma.[J].2013,18(3).
[40]Hamid Q,Kotsimbos TC,Hogg JC,etc.Inflammation of small airways in asthma.[J].1997,100(1).
[41]M S, DUNNILL.The pathology of asthma, with special reference to changes in the bronchial mucosa.[J].1960,13.
[42]Usmani,O.S.,Barnes,P.J..Assessing and treating small airways disease in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].2012,44(1).
[43]Adrian, Shifren,Chad, Witt,Chandrika, Christie,etc.Mechanisms of remodeling in asthmatic airways.[J].2012,2012.
[44]Schleich FN,Sele J,Quaedvlieg V,etc.Exhaled nitric oxide thresholds associated with a sputum eosinophil count>/=3% in a cohort of unselected patients with asthma.[J].2010,65(12).
[45]Olivieri D,Scichilone N,Battaglia S.The role of small airways in monitoring the response to asthma treatment: what is beyond FEV1?[J].2009,64(11).
[46]Postma,D.S.,TenHacken,N.H.T.,VanDerWiel,E.,etc.Small-airways dysfunction associates with respiratory symptoms and clinical features of asthma: A systematic review[J].2013,131(3).
[47]Ito I,Yamaguchi M,Otsuka K,etc.Relationship between small airway function and health status, dyspnea and disease control in asthma.[J].2010,80(2).
[48]Lee YW,Shin YS,Jung YH,etc.Exercise-induced airway obstruction in young asthmatics measured by impulse oscillometry.[J].2010,20(7).
[49]Carroll N.,Elliot J.,Morton A.,etc.The Structure of Large and Small Airways in Nonfatal and Fatal Asthma[J].1993.