Abstract： Objective:To investigate the efficacy of balloon dilatation performed for patients who suffered from actively caseating endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) and central airway stenosis in clinical improving period who′s bronchus has not formed mature scar tissue.Methods:A total of 152 tuberculous unilateral main bronchus stenosis patients (23 male and 129 female) who received treatment in Hunan Chest Hospital from January 1 st 2014 to December 31 st 2018 were included in this retrospective analysis. The age was 15-66 (33.3±11.9) years old. All patients received routine anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. Sixty-four of them who suffered from actively caseating EBTB and unilateral main bronchus stenosis received cryotherapy and endobronchial isoniazid (INH) administration till the caseating necrosis in stenotic bronchus was disappeared and ulcers were recovered, and then received balloon dilatation combined with cryotherapy, were test group. Eighty-eight of them who suffered from fibrostenotic EBTB received balloon dilatation combined with cryotherapy were control group. We analyzed the efficacy and complications after treatments. Results:The lung re-expansion rate after treatment in test group was higher than the control group, and the differences were statistically significant [74.0%(37/50) vs. 37.9%(22/58), χ2=14.094, P<0.001]. The 6-month re-stenosis rate in test group was lower than control group, and the differences were statistically significant [10.9%(7/64) vs. 30.7% (27/88), χ2=8.318, P=0.004]. The differences of diameter and diameter variation after balloon dilatation, immediate effective rates, average times of balloon dilatation and procedure-related bleeding (<10 ml) rates, chest pain rates had no statistical signification in two groups. Severe complications including fatal bleeding (>100 ml) and mediastinal emphysema did not occur during our procedures. Conclusions:Performing balloon dilatation for patients who suffered from actively caseating EBTB and central airway stenosis in the clinical improvement period, when caseous necrosis tissue disappeared and ulcers were recovered, not only helps to perform interventional procedures on distal bronchus in time, increase the rate of lung re-expansion, can also reduce the rate of re-stenosis after 6 months, so it is effective and safe.