Abstract： Objective:To analyze the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on peritoneal dialysis（PD）patients with cognitive impairment and its impact on quality of life.Methods:A total of 120 maintenance PD patients with cognitive impairment admitted to Linyi Central Hospital from December 2019 to December 2020 were divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table method，with 60 cases in each group. Patients in both groups received conventional treatments including PD for end-stage renal disease. The control group received cognitive training，and the observation group received hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the basis of the training of the control group. The changes of cognitive function and quality of life of the patients in the two groups were compared.Results:There was no significant difference in the levels of BUN，Scr，PaO 2，PaCO 2，and pH between the two groups before and after treatment（ P>0.05）. After treatment，Hb levels in the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.05），while there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups（ P>0.05）. After treatment，the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised（ACE-R）total score and sub-scale scores of patients in both groups were significantly increased than those before treatment，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.05），and those scores in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.05）. The serum BNDF level of the observation group was significantly higher than that before treatment. The serum Hcy and CRP levels of the two groups were significantly lower than those before treatment，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.05），and those two levels of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.05）. The indicators of quality of life in the two groups were significantly improved than those before treatment，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.05），and the indicators of the observation group were better than those of the control group，with statistically significant differences（ P<0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups during treatment（ P>0.05）. Conclusion:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can significantly improve the cognitive function and quality of life of PD patients，and it is safe and reliable，which is worthy of clinical promotion.