Abstract： Objective:To investigate and analyze the short-term efficacy of microscopic surgery in the treatment of glioma and its effect on cognitive function.Methods:A retrospective study was performed on 121 cases of patients with glioma who were admitted to Neurosurgery of Jincheng People′s Hospital from January 2018 to January 2020, including 74 males and 47 females, aged(45.85±3.28)years old, ranging from 32 to 67 years old.According to different surgical treatment methods, patients were divided into the craniotomy group( n=55)and microscopy group( n=66). Patients in the craniotomy group were treated with craniotomy and tumor resection, and patients in the microscopy group were treated with microsurgery.The clinical treatment effect of the two groups of patients, the levels of arginine vasopressin(AVP), oxytocin, β-endorphin(β-EP)in the cerebrospinal fluid before and 3 months after the operation, the neurological function score, and the mental state score , preoperative and 1 year postoperative patient′s ability of daily living score, recurrence rate and mortality rate were compared between the two groups. Results:The total clinical effective rate of patients in the microscopy group was 92.4%(61/66)higher than that of the craniotomy group[80.0%(44/55)], and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.05). The preoperative cerebrospinal fluid AVP, oxytocin and β-EP levels were not statistically different between the two groups( P>0.05). The levels of AVP[(15.37±1.99)ng/L], oxytocin[(6.18±0.85)ng/L] and β-EP[(82.55±7.41)ng/L] of cerebrospinal fluid of patients in the microscopy group were all higher than those of the craniotomy group[(11.58±2.20)ng/L, (4.17±0.77)ng/L, (64.26±5.40)ng/L], and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.05). The preoperative the National Institutes of health stroke scale(NIHSS)score, mini mental status examination(MMSE)score and activity of daily living scale(ADL)of the two groups of patients were not statistically different( P>0.05). The NIHSS score[(6.78±1.04)points] of the patients in the microscopy group was lower than that of the craniotomy group[(9.25±1.26)points], and the MMSE score[(24.66±4.10)points] was higher than that of the craniotomy group[(18.24±3.17)points], and the ADL[(18.67±6.11)points] of patients in the microscopy group was lower than that of the craniotomy group[(30.48±5.33)points], and the differences were statistically significant( P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the recurrence rate and mortality rate of the two groups of patients at 1 year after operation( P>0.05). Conclusion:Microsurgical treatment of glioma has a significant short-term effect, can better promote the improvement of patients′ neurological function and mental status, short-term follow-up cognitive function is better, higher ability of daily living.