Abstract: Patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)who do not respond to an 8-12 wk course of acidsuppressive therapy with a proton pump inhibitor twice daily,with symptoms such as heartburn and acid reflux symptoms persisting after therapy,can be diagnosed with refractory GERD (RGERD).It is estimated that RGERD accounts for approximately 10%-40% of all GERD cases.Due to complicated causes,the clinical recognition of RGERD is insufficient.Thanks to the advances in the basic and clinical research of RGERD in recent years,there have been updated consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of RGERD in America and Asia (including China).This paper reviews the definition,epidemiology,pathophysiology,diagnostic evaluation,and treatment of RGERD.