Abstract： Objective To study the comprehensive monitoring mechanism of mouse and the effect of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) vaccine in the high prevalence areas of natural focus infectious disease of Zhejiang province in 1994 - 2010.Methods The night trapping method was used to monitor the population proportion,density and the rate of hantavirus (HV) carriers in mice in Xikou township Longyou county in August and September from 1994 to 2010.The healthy residents in Xikou township aged 16 to 60 years were recruited.The subjects were randomly selected as vaccination group and control group according to age,sex,occupational distribution ( 10 178 in intervention group and 16 159 in control group).Intervention group was given purified and inactivated vaccine from suckling mouse brain,while the control group received no intervention.The prevention effect was evaluated by protective rate of vaccine.Results The mouse population was stable in the sixteen years and the apodemus agrarius was the main type (76.5％ (564/737)).The average density of mouse was 4.73％ (1170/24 727).The average rate of virus carrier of mouse was 3.87％ (41/1033).In 1994 - 1995,the density of moiuse was 22.82％ (186/815) and the rate of virus carrier was 7.0％ (10/143).In 2009 -2010,the density of mouse decreased to 2.75％ (119/4330) and the rate of virus carrier was 5.5％ ( 13/237 ).The average antibody positive rate of mouse from 2005 to 2010 was 4.8％ ( 35/728 ) and the rate was 4.4％ ( 6/138 ),0.0％ ( 0/113 ),11.8％ ( 16/136),1.0％ ( 1/104),3.7％ (4/109)and 6.3％ (8/128)in each year ( P ＜ 0.01 ).The protective rate of HFRS vaccine was 96.2％ ( 1 case in intervention group and 41 cases in control group).Conclusion The density of mouse decreased significantly in Zhejiang province.The rate of virus carrier of mouse is stable.The vaccine is effective.