Abstract： Objective To determine whether autologous bone marrow strom ceils-derived neural stem cells(BMSCs-d-NSCs)can survive and grow after transplantated into traumatic lesions in monkey cerebral cortex.Methods Stromal cells from bone marrow were separated,adjusted to 1×106 cells/mL and seeded onto multi-well plates.We added medium,fetal calf serunl,leukemia inhibitory factor and basic fibroblast growth factor before incubating at 37℃ and 5% CO2 in a humidified atmosphere.Adherent cells were cultured in neural stem cell medium with FCS and retinoic acid and then characterized by nestin staining.BMSCs-d-NSCs were cultured with BrdU for 7 d and BrdU-stained cells were collected and resuspended.Traumatic lesions were made by Allen's method in the cerebral cortex of monkeys(Macaca fascicularis).Animals were assigned to immediate transplantation(IT)group(NSCs marked by BrdU staining were injected into the traumatic lesion immediately,n=3) or delayed transplantation (DT) group (BrdU marked NSCs were injected into the traumatic lesion at day 30 after injury,n=3).One animal was enrolled in the control group:traumatic lesions were made on each side of the monkey brain and the left side was injected with 0.5 mL NSCs culture medium without NSCs but containing the same concentration of BrdU,the right side was injected with NSCs marked by BrdU staining.Two animals in both IT and DT groups were sacrificed at each of the following post-transplantation times (1,3 or 6 months) and tissue sections from the transplantation area were stained;two animals in control group were sacrificed 6 month after transplantation.Results In both IT and DT groups,brown,BrdU-positive cells were observed in the lesions.There were no BrdU+ cells in the control group.Over the 6 months,transplanted cells first distributed as clusters and later as scattered.Cell morphology varied and cells had protuberances.After 6 months,BrdU positive cells were observed in white matter nearby the transplantation area.Conclusion BMSCs-d-NSCs can survive in brain,and migrate within injury sites.