Abstract: Objective To investigate the expression and signification of TGF-β1 in the kaolin-induced communicaing hydrocephalus rats. Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, Group Kaolin, rats in which 50 μl volume of 2% Kaolin solution was injected into the cistema magna under microscope; and Group Saline, rats in which 50 μl volume of 2% saline was injected into the cisterna magna in the same way. Results Communicating hydrocephalus was induced in 28 rats and whose ventricular system expanded as time goes on. The cerebral ventricles were expanded,and intrameningeal fibrosis were shown in Group Kaolin. The expression of TGF-β1 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was higher in Group Kaolin than in Croup Saline. Conclusion These data suggest that there is relationship between the higher expressions of TGF-β1 with the development of communicating hydrocephalus in rats.