Abstract： Objectives To investigate the incidence and causes of cytomegalovims(CMV)infection and the relationship between acute rejection and CMV infection in renal allogaft recipients.Methods 187consecutive renal allograft recipients and their donors were subjected to the serum test for CMV-antibody before transplantation.PCR was used to detect CMV DNA in peripheral blood leukocyte specimens of the recipients after operation.Part patients with positive CMV DNA were given to anti-CMV treatment.Resuits CMV DNA was found in 43.3% of the recipients in the first month after transplantation.CMV DNA(+)was significantly more common in recipients who were CMV-seropositive before transplantation.The kidney from a CNV-seropositive donor had a high risk factor of developing CMV infection for a CMVseronegative recipient.CMV DNA(+)significantly enhanced the development of acute rejection at least during the first 3 months following transplantation.Ganciclovir therapy significantly reduced the number of acute rejection episodes with eliminating of CMV DNA in peripheral blcod leukocytes.Conclusion It is important to prevent and treat CMV infection in renal allograft recipients.