Abstract： Objective To study the effect of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation for newborn infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Methods Infants with neonatal hyaline membrane disease were divided into 2 groups: 27 cases(group A) were treated with high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and 23 cases (group B) were treated with conventional mechanical ventilation. Meanwhile PS (200 mg/kg) was dropped into the intracheal tube at the beginning group B. Results PaCO2, OI obviously decreased (PaCO2: (50.9±8.9)mm Hg, OI:5.9±2.6) and PaO2, A-aDO2, increased [PaO2±(71.2±13.6)mm Hg, A-aDO2: (0.44±0.12)mm Hg] in group B after therapy (P <0.01, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the PaO2, PaCO2, OI, A-aDO2 between the two groups on 3,6, 12, 24 hours after therapy. Conclusion HFOV can significantly improve pulmonary gas exchange in NRDS patients and reduce the mechanical ventilation and hospitalization time.