Abstract： Background The main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is cigarette smoking. However, only 10%-20% of chronic heavy smokers develop systematic COPD. We hypothesized that the inheritance of gene polymorphisms could influence the development of COPD, which was investigated by studying two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in exon 1 of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) gene.Methods We enrolled 219 patients with COPD as the research group and 148 healthy people as the control group, all of whom were Chinese Han people. The polymorphisms of the TGF-β1 gene, 869T/C and 915G/C, were analyzed using the method of amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR).Results The occurrence of the TGF-β1 gene 869T/C polymorphism in patients with COPD was significantly different from the control group (P <0.05), in which the relative risk of this disease increased in cases who had the C allele (OR: 1.131, 95% Cl:1.101-1.539). There was no increased frequency of TGF-β1 915G/C gene in COPD patients compared with control subjects (P >0.05).Conclusions The polymorphism 869T/C in TGF-β1 gene has a significant association with disease occurrence in COPD patients and the C allele might be a risk factor. The homozygous wild-type CC of 869T/C on TGFβ1 could be a predisposing factor in COPD and those who carry the C allele might have particularly susceptibility to developing COPD.