Abstract： Background We identified the gene mutations in two Chinese pedigree of type Ⅰ hereditary protein C deficiency and type Ⅰ hereditary antithrombin deficiency.Methods The plasma level of protein C activity (PC∶ A), protein C antigen (PC∶ Ag) , protein S activity, antithrombin activity (AT∶ A) and antithrombin antigen (AT∶ Ag) of propositi and two family members were detected using ELISA and chromogenic assay, respectively. All exons and intron-exon boundaries of protein C gene and antithrombin gene were analyzed by direct sequencing of the corresponding amplified PCR products in DNA from the propositus. Results The plasma PC∶ A and PC∶ Ag of propositus 1 was 26% and 1.43 mg/dl, respectively. The PC∶ Ag and PC∶ A of his father were normal. The decreased PC∶ A level was seen in his mother and 4 of his maternal pedigree. PS∶ A and AT∶ A were all normal in pedigree 1 members. A C5498T heterozygous mutation in exon 3 of protein C gene, resulting in the substitution of Arg for Trp at the 15th amino acid, was identified in propositus 1 and 8 of his relatives. The plasma AT∶ A and AT∶ Ag of propositus 2 was 48.6% and 10.4 mg/dl, respectively. The reduced AT∶ A and AT∶ Ag levels were found in his father and 5 of paternal pedigree. PC∶ A, PC∶ Ag and PS∶ A were all in normal range. A heterozygous 13387-9G deletion in exon 6 of antithrombin gene was identified in propositus 2. This mutation introduced a frameshift and a premature stop at codon 426 and existed in 6 members of pedigree 2.Conclusion The C5498T heterozygous mutation in exon 3 of protein C gene, first reported in China, leads to type I hereditary protein C deficiency. The 13387-9G deletion, a novel mutation, can cause antithrombin deficiency and thrombosis.