Abstract： Objective To investigate the present incidence and the risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).Methods The clinical data of 1 356 premature infants who were born in our hospital from Dec 2008 to Feb 2011 with birth weight of 2 500 g or less and gestational age of 37 weeks or less were analyzed retrospectively,and divided into ROP group(n =208) and without ROP group(n =1 148).They were screened for ROP from 4 ～ 6 weeks of chronological age or 32 weeks of postmenstrual age.Results In 1 356 cases,there were 208 cases with ROP,the incident rate was 15.34％,of which 36 cases were severe diseases (2.65％).Compared with the infants without ROP,the development of ROP was correlated with birth weight [(1 528 ±243) g vs (1 960 ± 187) g],gestational age [(30.92 ±0.72) weeks vs (32.87 ± 1.28) weeks],oxygen uptake time ＞ 8 d (123 cases vs 865 cases),pulmonary surfactants (18 cases vs 216 cases),septicemia (42 cases vs 154 cases),in utero distress (63 cases vs 511 cases) and anemia (64 cases vs 237 cases) (P ＜ 0.05).Logistic regression analysis suggested that birth weight,gestational age,oxygen uptake time ＞8 d,septicemia and pulmonary surfactants were significant risk factors associated with the development of ROP(P ＜ 0.05).Meanwhile,there were significant differences in the incidence of infants with ROP at different birth weight and different gestational age (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The birth weight and gestational age are lower,the incidence of ROP is higher and the disease is more serious.The probability of ROP,particularly severe ROP,is highest in the most immature infants while it is lower in the least immature ones.