Abstract： AIM:To define the rational extent of regional lymphadenectomy for gallbladder cancer and to clarify its effect on long-term survival.METHODS:A total of 152 patients with gallbladder cancer who underwent a minimum of "extended" portal lymph node dissection (defined as en bloc removal of the first- and second-echelon nodes) from 1982 to 2010 were retrospectively analyzed.Based on previous studies,regional lymph nodes of the gallbladder were divided into first-echelon nodes (cystic duct or pericholedochal nodes),second-echelon nodes (node groups posterosuperior to the head of the pancreas or around the hepatic vessels),and more distant nodes.RESULTS:Among the 152 patients (total of 3352 lymph nodes retrieved,median of 19 per patient),79 patients (52％) had 356 positive nodes.Among nodepositive patients,the prevalence of nodal metastasis was highest in the pericholedochal (54％) and cystic duct (38％) nodes,followed by the second-echelon node groups (29％ to 19％),while more distant node groups were only rarely (5％ or less) involved.Diseasespecific survival after R0 resection differed according to the nodal status (P ＜ 0.001):most node-negative patients achieved long-term survival (median,not reached; 5-year survival,80％),whereas among nodepositive patients,22 survived for more than 5 years (median,37 mo; 5-year survival,43％).CONCLUSION:The rational extent of lymphadenectomy for gallbladder cancer should include the firstand second-echelon nodes.A considerable proportion of node-positive patients benefit from such aggressive lymphadenectomy.