Abstract： Objective To detect the relationship between HPSE Arg307Lys polymorphism and the risk of adult acute leukemia (AL). Methods 100 adult AML patients and 100 healthies were chosen as cases and control group respectively according to 1:1 for paired cases and control. 25 adult ALL patients and 100controls were chosen as case and control group respectively according to 1:4 for paired cases and control. The genetic polymorphisms of HPSE Arg307Lys were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis in peripheral blood. Results The genotype frequency of Lys/Lys, Arg/Lys, Arg/Arg were 80 ％, 16 ％, 4 ％ in ALL group and 85 ％, 14 ％, 1％ in AML group and 75 ％, 23 ％,2 ％ in control group, respectively. There was no significant difference between the genotype frequency in ALL group and control group (genotype frequency x 2=0.07, P =0.79; allele frequency x 2 =0.08, P =0.78), as well as between that in AML group and that in control group (genotype frequency x 2 =3.03, P =0.08; allele frequency x2 =3.15, P =0.08). No significantly increased risk for adult AML and ALL was observed for those carrying variant genotype with OR analysis (AML x2 =3.13, P =0.07, OR =1.89, 95 ％ CI 0.93-3.83; ALL x2 =0.27, P =0.60, OR=1.33, 95 ％ CI 0.45-3.90). Conclusion There was no correlation of the heparanase gene single-nucleotide polymorphism Arg307Lys with acute leukemia in Chinese patients.